1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂对油菜菌核病的防治效果

用100倍、300倍和500倍的1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂稀释液,通过室内离体叶片接菌、田间植株接菌和在自然发病情况下对油菜进行喷施药试验。结果表明,不同倍数稀释液1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂处理对油菜菌核病均有一定的防(抑)治效果。室内离体叶片接菌鉴定其抑制率分别为79.53%、68.27%、26.47%,田间接种鉴定的防治效果分别为30.1%、29.9%、19.12%,在不接种自然发病情况下,防治效果分别达到为70.89%、66.24%、34.20%。由此可见1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂能有效控制油菜菌核病害蔓延发展,保护油菜的运输器官,保护油菜叶片免收危害,确保油菜正常光合作用,增加粒质量和角粒数,增产保产效果明显。     

水肥耦合对小麦/玉米带田产量及构成因素的影响

采用"3414"最优回归设计方案,于2007-2008年在甘肃省农业科学院张掖节水试验站,开展不同水肥耦合处理小麦/玉米带田产量效应研究。结果表明,不同水肥耦合模式对小麦/玉米带田产量的影响较大,其差异达极显著水平。其中,氮肥对产量的贡献最大,水分次之,磷肥最小,氮肥对带田混合产量的绝对贡献率达79.4%,而水分对带田混合产量的绝对贡献率达为52.9%;水肥耦合效应为:水氮耦合水磷耦合氮磷耦合;获得高产量12 952.5~13 880.0kg/hm2的施氮量为420~630kg/hm2、灌水量为5 550~6 750m3/hm2、施磷量为120kg/hm2。相关分析表明,施氮量和灌水量与间作玉米的穗粒数、千粒质量、穗粒质量、株高均呈极显著正相关,施氮量与间作小麦的穗粒质量、穗粒数呈极显著正相关。     

Ecological implications of motor oil pollution: Earthworm survival and soil health

The nontarget effects of fresh and used motor oil were studied in a soil test system involving such criteria as earthworm survival, response of soil dehydrogenase and urease, and nitrification. When earthworms were exposed to motor oil-contaminated soil for 4 weeks, the observed median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) were 40.33 and 3.88 g kg⁻¹ soil for fresh and used oil, respectively. Only fresh motor oil application increased earthworms' body weight even at the higher dose of 19 g kg⁻¹ soil. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that used motor oil contained more of aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals than fresh oil. This disparity in the chemical composition might be the factor responsible for the significant toxicity of used motor oil towards earthworms. Activities of soil dehydrogenase and urease were significantly enhanced in presence of both the motor oils, while there was a significant inhibition in nitrification by the used motor oil even at a low concentration of 0.2 g kg⁻¹ soil. This study clearly demonstrated that earthworm survival and nitrification could serve as suitable indices to assess motor oil pollution in soil.     

Evaluation of Associative Effect of Whole Corn Silage and Millet Straw by Gas Production Technique in vitro

This research adopted fermentation gas production method in vitro to evaluate the associative effect of whole corn silage (WCS) and millet straw (MS).The WCS was mixed with MS in the proportion of 100:0,80:20,60:40,50:50, 40:60,20:80 and 0:100 with 3 replicates per group.The gas production,pH,ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), volatile fatty acids (VFA), microbial crude protein (MCP) and dry matter loss (DML) for 24,48 and 72 h of varying forage combinations were analyzed.Single factor associative effects index (SFAEI) and multiply factors associative effects index (MFAEI) of different combinations were calculated. The results showed as follows:There were significant differences of gas production among different combinations (P<0.05),and the best combination was the WCS80 group. With creasing of the content of MS,DML decreased,but the DML of WCS80 and WCS100 were similar (P>0.05). The MCP concentration of WCS100 and WCS80 was extremely significantly or significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05;P<0.01). The VFA concentration showed significant differences among different combinations (P<0.05).Among the different combinations of WCS and MS,the MFAEI of WCS80 was the largest,and that were 0.5517,0.5094 and 0.9860 at 24,48 and 72 h,respectively. The best combination of WCS and MS was 80:20.     

Selection of soybean elite cultivars based on phenotypic and genomic characters related to lodging tolerance

Soybean lodging can result in serious yield reduction. Detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with lodging tolerance for their further application in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to enhance soybean breeding efficiency. In this study, a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed to identify soybean accessions that could potentially be used to produce lodging‐tolerant varieties, based on the comprehensive evaluation of lodging scores (LS) obtained for the parental cultivar “Tokachi nagaha” and its 137 derived cultivars. Results showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced LS. Of the 31 significant SNPs identified, 22 were consistently detected in two or more environments and 27 SNPs were located in or close to agronomically important QTL mapped by linkage analysis. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of LS tend to decrease with the elite alleles contained by accessions increasing. Some excellent accessions, with lower BLUPs and D_i (stability coefficients) values and more elite alleles, were selected. This study contributed to understand the genetic mechanism of lodging, providing genetic and phenotypic information for MAS.     

红景天果皮水提液对5种植物种子的化感作用

以狭叶红景天种子、榆荞种子、樱桃番茄种子、意大利耐抽薹生菜种子和新牛角椒种子为受试材料,研究了狭叶红景天果皮水提液对5种植物的化感作用.结果表明,不同浓度的狭叶红景天果皮水提液对5种植物种子的萌发、胚根及幼苗生长均表现出不同的化感作用影响.其中,对狭叶红景天种子萌发和胚根生长都表现为明显的抑制作用,并且随着处理浓度增高,抑制作用表现越强,但对幼苗的生长却表现出明显的促进生长作用,其中以0.02 g/mL的水浸液处理的狭叶红景天幼苗生长速度最快;对榆荞种子萌发和幼苗生长表现为低浓度促进生长和高浓度抑制生长的作用,而对胚根生长却表现抑制作用,并随着处理浓度的增高,抑制作用也越强;对樱桃番茄和意大利耐抽薹生菜种子的萌发和胚根生长也都表现为明显的抑制作用,对樱桃番茄幼苗的生长影响与榆荞的一致,对意大利耐抽薹生菜幼苗的生长影响与狭叶红景天植物一致;对新牛角椒种子萌发的影响与榆荞种子相同,对其胚根和幼苗生长影响都表现为促进作用,但也存在随着处理浓度增高,其产生的促进生长作用逐渐减弱的现象.     

镉-钙交互作用对植物的生态学效应

镉(Cd)由于其高毒性和易迁移的特点成为环境中最重要的有毒重金属之一,钙(Ca)作为植物必需元素,参与植物细胞代谢的调节和信号转导。为了明晰植物中Cd和Ca交互作用的机理,并有效的利用二者之间的相互关系,为重金属污染土壤的防治提供理论基础。笔者在广泛查阅了国内外研究和文献的基础上,总结了镉-钙交互作用对植物生态学效应为:(1)在植物的吸收过程中,Cd和Ca存在拮抗关系。一方面Cd和能抑制植物对Ca的吸收,使植物的生长受限;另外一方面Ca能抑制植物对Cd的吸收来缓解镉毒害。(2)施加外源Ca能够促进Cd毒害下植物的生长和光合色素的合成。(3)在调节抗氧化酶活性过程中,施加外源钙能够增强植物的抗氧化酶活性来降低氧化损伤。因此,镉钙交互作用下对植物生长、光合色素、抗氧化酶活性的影响过程中均存在拮抗作用。     

益生菌大肠杆菌Nissle 1917抗逆性能、猪肠上皮细胞黏附率及抑菌效果研究

本试验旨在研究益生菌大肠杆菌Nissle 1917(Ec N)抗逆性能、猪肠上皮细胞黏附率及抑菌效果。采用体外法对Ec N进行生长曲线绘制和耐酸、耐胆盐、耐热性能的测定;以猪肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2细胞为体外细胞模型,考察了Ec N对该细胞的黏附率以及对致病菌大肠杆菌K88的黏附抑制率;同时通过蛋白质印迹法检测了Ec N对IPEC-J2细胞β-防御素-2和Toll样受体4的水平的影响。结果表明:1)Ec N对高酸、高胆盐和高温环境具有一定耐受能力。2)Ec N对IPEC-J2细胞的黏附作用以对数期最佳,黏附率达33.96%,显著高于迟缓期、稳定期和衰亡期(P0.05)。3)Ec N对致病菌大肠杆菌K88具有良好的抑制效果,黏附抑制率达87.84%。4)Ec N还能上调IPEC-J2细胞β-防御素-2和Toll样受体4水平。结果提示,益生菌Ec N具有较好的抗逆性能,能够良好地黏附猪肠上皮细胞,对致病菌大肠杆菌K88具有良好的抑制作用。     

小麦秸与非常规饲料组合效应的研究

本试验旨在探讨小麦秸与非常规饲料间的组合效应。利用体外产气法,评价了小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮、橘子皮和苹果渣分别按0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25、100∶0比例进行组合的48 h体外发酵总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度和干物质降解率(DMD)、酸性洗涤纤维降解率(ADFD)、中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)以及其组合效应。结果表明:1)在小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮、橘子皮、苹果渣的各组合中,当小麦秸比例为25%时,TVFA浓度均大于小麦秸比例为50%、75%、100%时。2)随着小麦秸比例的增大,小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮、橘子皮、苹果渣组合的DMD逐渐降低,小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮组合各比例之间的DMD差异显著(P0.05)。3)随着小麦秸比例的增大,小麦秸与大豆皮组合的NDFD和ADFD逐渐降低,各比例之间差异显著(P0.05)。在小麦秸与橘子皮的组合中,当小麦秸比例为50%时,NDFD和ADFD最大。4)当小麦秸比例为50%时,小麦秸与橘子皮、苹果渣的组合对NDFD和ADFD的组合效应值最大,显著高于其他各比例(P0.05);当小麦秸比例为75%时,小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮的组合对NDFD和ADFD的组合效应值最大,显著高于其他各比例(P0.05)。综上所述,小麦秸与大豆皮、喷浆玉米皮的最优组合是75∶25。小麦秸与橘子皮、苹果渣的最优组合是50∶50。     

高产优质商品玉米生产模式：—三种遗传效应集成利用（TEU）

通过大量详实资料，对玉米杂种优势、雄性不育，油分基因花粉直感等3种遗传效应的研究现状作了详细概述，根据相关的遗传理论与实践，提出了将三种遗传效应进行技术集成的可能性，从而形成一种高产高油玉米生产模式，有可能是未来玉米生产的发展方向。